Uma introdução à busca vetorial e ao QBit

CREATE TABLE fruit_animal
ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY word
AS SELECT *
FROM VALUES(
  'word String, vec Array(Float64)',
  ('apple', [-0.99105519, 1.28887844, -0.43526649, -0.98520696, 0.66154391]),
  ('banana', [-0.69372815, 0.25587061, -0.88226235, -2.54593015, 0.05300475]),
  ('orange', [0.93338752, 2.06571317, -0.54612565, -1.51625717, 0.69775337]),
  ('dog', [0.72138876, 1.55757105, 2.10953259, -0.33961248, -0.62217325]),
  ('horse', [-0.61435682, 0.48542571, 1.21091247, -0.62530446, -1.33082533])
);

SELECT word, L2Distance(
  vec, [-0.88693672, 1.31532824, -0.51182908, -0.99652702, 0.59907770]
) AS distance
FROM fruit_animal
ORDER BY distance
LIMIT 5;

┌─word───┬────────────distance─┐
│ apple  │ 0.14639757188169716 │
│ banana │  1.9989613690076786 │
│ orange │   2.039041552613732 │
│ horse  │  2.7555776805484813 │
│ dog    │   3.382295083120104 │
└────────┴─────────────────────┘

apple:           [-0.99105519,1.28887844,-0.43526649,-0.98520696,0.66154391]
query embedding: [-0.88693672,1.31532824,-0.51182908,-0.99652702,0.5990777]

SET allow_experimental_qbit_type = 1;
CREATE TABLE fruit_animal
(
  word String,
  vec QBit(Float64, 5)
)
ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY word;

INSERT INTO fruit_animal VALUES
('apple',  [-0.99105519, 1.28887844, -0.43526649, -0.98520696, 0.66154391]),
('banana', [-0.69372815, 0.25587061, -0.88226235, -2.54593015, 0.05300475]),
('orange', [0.93338752, 2.06571317, -0.54612565, -1.51625717, 0.69775337]),
('dog',    [0.72138876, 1.55757105, 2.10953259, -0.33961248, -0.62217325]),
('horse',  [-0.61435682, 0.48542571, 1.21091247, -0.62530446, -1.33082533]);

SELECT
  word,
  L2DistanceTransposed(vec, [-0.88693672, 1.31532824, -0.51182908, -0.99652702, 0.59907770], 16) AS distance
FROM fruit_animal
ORDER BY distance;

┌─word───┬────────────distance─┐
│ apple  │ 0.15196434766705247 │
│ banana │   1.966091150410285 │
│ orange │  1.9864477714218596 │
│ horse  │  2.7306267946594005 │
│ dog    │  3.2849989362383165 │
└────────┴─────────────────────┘

CREATE TABLE dbpedia
(
  id      String,
  title   String,
  text    String,
  vector  Array(Float32) CODEC(NONE)
) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY (id);

for i in $(seq 0 25); do
  echo "Processando arquivo ${i}..."
  clickhouse client -q "INSERT INTO dbpedia SELECT _id, title, text, \"text-embedding-3-large-1536-embedding\" FROM url('https://huggingface.co/api/datasets/Qdrant/dbpedia-entities-openai3-text-embedding-3-large-1536-1M/parquet/default/train/${i}.parquet') SETTINGS max_http_get_redirects=5,enable_url_encoding=0;"
  echo "Arquivo ${i} concluído."
done

INSERT INTO dbpedia SELECT _id, title, text, "text-embedding-3-large-1536-embedding" FROM url('https://huggingface.co/api/datasets/Qdrant/dbpedia-entities-openai3-text-embedding-3-large-1536-1M/parquet/default/train/0.parquet') SETTINGS max_http_get_redirects=5,enable_url_encoding=0;
INSERT INTO dbpedia SELECT _id, title, text, "text-embedding-3-large-1536-embedding" FROM url('https://huggingface.co/api/datasets/Qdrant/dbpedia-entities-openai3-text-embedding-3-large-1536-1M/parquet/default/train/1.parquet') SETTINGS max_http_get_redirects=5,enable_url_encoding=0;
...
INSERT INTO dbpedia SELECT _id, title, text, "text-embedding-3-large-1536-embedding" FROM url('https://huggingface.co/api/datasets/Qdrant/dbpedia-entities-openai3-text-embedding-3-large-1536-1M/parquet/default/train/25.parquet') SETTINGS max_http_get_redirects=5,enable_url_encoding=0;

SELECT count(*)
FROM dbpedia

┌─count()─┐
│ 1000000 │
└─────────┘

SET allow_experimental_qbit_type = 1;

-- Assumindo que você tem uma tabela com embeddings Float32
ALTER TABLE dbpedia ADD COLUMN qbit QBit(Float32, 1536);
ALTER TABLE dbpedia UPDATE qbit = vector WHERE 1;

SELECT
    title,
    text,
    COUNT(DISTINCT concept) AS num_concepts_matched,
    MIN(distance) AS min_distance,
    AVG(distance) AS avg_distance
FROM (
         (
             SELECT title, text, 'Moon' AS concept,
                    L2DistanceTransposed(qbit, (SELECT vector FROM dbpedia WHERE title = 'Moon'), 5) AS distance
             FROM dbpedia
             WHERE title != 'Moon'
             ORDER BY distance ASC
                 LIMIT 1000
         )
         UNION ALL
         (
             SELECT title, text, 'Apollo 11' AS concept,
                    L2DistanceTransposed(qbit, (SELECT vector FROM dbpedia WHERE title = 'Apollo 11'), 5) AS distance
             FROM dbpedia
             WHERE title != 'Apollo 11'
             ORDER BY distance ASC
                 LIMIT 1000
         )
         UNION ALL
         (
             SELECT title, text, 'Space Shuttle' AS concept,
                    L2DistanceTransposed(qbit, (SELECT vector FROM dbpedia WHERE title = 'Space Shuttle'), 5) AS distance
             FROM dbpedia
             WHERE title != 'Space Shuttle'
             ORDER BY distance ASC
                 LIMIT 1000
         )
         UNION ALL
         (
             SELECT title, text, 'Astronaut' AS concept,
                    L2DistanceTransposed(qbit, (SELECT vector FROM dbpedia WHERE title = 'Astronaut'), 5) AS distance
             FROM dbpedia
             WHERE title != 'Astronaut'
             ORDER BY distance ASC
                 LIMIT 1000
         )
         UNION ALL
         (
             SELECT title, text, 'Rocket' AS concept,
                    L2DistanceTransposed(qbit, (SELECT vector FROM dbpedia WHERE title = 'Rocket'), 5) AS distance
             FROM dbpedia
             WHERE title != 'Rocket'
             ORDER BY distance ASC
                 LIMIT 1000
         )
     )
WHERE title NOT IN ('Moon', 'Apollo 11', 'Space Shuttle', 'Astronaut', 'Rocket')
GROUP BY title, text
HAVING num_concepts_matched >= 3
ORDER BY num_concepts_matched DESC, min_distance ASC
    LIMIT 10;

Row 1:
──────
title:                Aintree railway station
text:                 For a guide to the various Aintree stations that have existed and their relationship to each other see Aintree Stations.Aintree railway station is a railway station in Aintree, Merseyside, England.  It is on the Ormskirk branch of the Merseyrail network's Northern Line.  Until 1968 it was known as Aintree Sefton Arms after a nearby public house. The station's design reflects the fact it is the closest station to Aintree Racecourse, where the annual Grand National horse race takes place.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 2:
──────
title:                AP German Language
text:                 Advanced Placement German Language (also known as AP German Language or AP German) is a course and examination provided by the College Board through the Advanced Placement Program. This course  is designed to give high school students the opportunity to receive credit in a college-level German language course.Originally the College Board had offered two AP German exams, one with AP German Language and another with AP German Literature.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 3:
──────
title:                Adelospondyli
text:                 Adelospondyli is an order of elongate, presumably aquatic, Carboniferous amphibians.  The skull is solidly roofed, and elongate, with the orbits located very far forward.  The limbs are well developed.  Most adelospondyls belong to the family Adelogyrinidae, although the adelospondyl Acherontiscus has been placed in its own family, Acherontiscidae. The group is restricted to the Mississippian (Serpukhovian Age) of Scotland.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 4:
──────
title:                Adrien-Henri de Jussieu
text:                 Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (23 December 1797 – 29 June 1853) was a French botanist.Born in Paris as the son of botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1824 with a treatise of the plant family Euphorbiaceae.  When his father retired in 1826, he succeeded him at the Jardin des Plantes; in 1845 he became professor of organography of plants.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 5:
──────
title:                Alan Taylor (footballer, born 1953)
text:                 Alan Taylor (born 14 November 1953) is an English former professional footballer best known for his goalscoring exploits with West Ham United in their FA Cup success of 1975, culminating in two goals in that season's final.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 6:
──────
title:                Abstract algebraic logic
text:                 In mathematical logic, abstract algebraic logic is the study of the algebraization of deductive systemsarising as an abstraction of the well-known Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra, and how the resulting algebras are related to logical systems.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 7:
──────
title:                Ahsan Saleem Hyat
text:                 General Ahsan Saleem Hayat (Urdu: احسن سلیم حیات; born 10 January 1948), is a retired four-star general who served as the vice chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army from 2004 until his retirement in 2007. Prior to that, he served as the operational field commander of the V Corps in Sindh Province and was a full-tenured professor of war studies at the National Defence University. He was succeeded by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani on 8 October 2007.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 8:
──────
title:                Al Wafa al Igatha al Islamia
text:                 There is another organization named Al Wafa (Israel), a charity, in Israel, devoted to womenThere is another organization Jamaiat Al-Wafa LiRayat Al-Musenin which is proscribed by the Israeli government.Al Wafa is an Islamic charity listed in Executive Order 13224 as an entity that supports terrorism.United States intelligence officials state that it was founded in Afghanistan by Adil Zamil Abdull Mohssin Al Zamil,Abdul Aziz al-Matrafi and Samar Khand.According to Saad Madai Saad al-Azmi's Combatant Status Review Tribunal Al Wafa is located in the Wazir Akhbar Khan area ofAfghanistan.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 9:
───────
title:                Alex Baumann
text:                 Alexander Baumann, OC OOnt (born April 21, 1964) is a Canadian former competitive swimmer who won two gold medals and set two world records at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.Born in Prague (former Czechoslovakia), Baumann was raised in Canada after his family moved there in 1969 following the Prague Spring.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

Row 10:
───────
title:                Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District
text:                 The Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District (2006 population 30,664) of British Columbia is located on west central Vancouver Island.  Adjacent regional districts it shares borders with are the Strathcona and Comox Valley Regional Districts to the north, and the Nanaimo and Cowichan Valley Regional Districts to the east. The regional district offices are located in Port Alberni.
num_concepts_matched: 5
min_distance:         0.9971279086553189
avg_distance:         0.9972260772085877

10 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.542 sec. Processed 5.01 million rows, 1.86 GB (9.24 million rows/s., 3.43 GB/s.)
Peak memory usage: 327.04 MiB.